Alright, I’m assuming you know what transitive and intransitive verbs are by now.
The rules that you learnt in Lesson 17 can be applied for sentences with intransitive verbs in them and also sentences with transitive verbs without any object.
Example:
I slept – मैं सोया main soyaa – here the verb is intransitive.
I read – मैं पढ़ा main padaa – here the verb is transitive but without an object.
Now, when a sentence with a transitive verb has an object, the rules change.
Let’s learn with examples.
Example 1: read – पढ़ pad – transitive verb
I read a newspaper – मैंने अख़बार पढ़ा maine akbaar padaa – the object in the sentence is newspaper.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then padaa is used as the object in the sentence is masculine and singular. The above sentence can be said by a male or a female without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
I read a book – मैंने किताब पढ़ी maine kitaab padee – the object in the sentence is book.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then padee is used as the object in the sentence is feminine and singular. The above sentence can be said by a male or a female without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
I read two newspapers – मैंने दो अख़बार पढ़े maine do akbaar pade – the object in the sentence is newspaper.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then pade is used as the object in the sentence is masculine and plural. Also, the word for both newspaper and newspapers is akbaar in Hindi. The above sentence can be said by a male or a female without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
I read two books – मैंने दो किताबें पढ़ीं maine do kitaabein padeen – the object in the sentence is book.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then padee is used as the object in the sentence is feminine and plural. The above sentence can be said by a male or a female without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
Example 2: eat – खा kha – transitive verb
They ate a mango – उन्होंने / इन्होने आम खाया unhone / inhone aam khayaa – the object in the sentence is mango.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then khayaa is used as the object in the sentence is masculine and singular. Remember to refer to lesson 16 while selecting the appropriate word for pronoun + ne.
ve + ne = unhone and ye + ne = inhone.
The above sentence can be said to a group of males or females or mixed-gender without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
They ate a cherry – उन्होंने / इन्होने चेरी खाई unhone / inhone cherry khaee – the object in the sentence is cherry.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then khaee is used as the object in the sentence is feminine and singular. The above sentence can be said to a group of males or females or mixed-gender without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
They ate mangoes – उन्होंने / इन्होने आम खाये unhone / inhone aam khaye – the object in the sentence is mangoes.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then khaye is used as the object in the sentence is masculine and plural. The number of mangoes eaten is not mentioned in the sentence, and so, you don’t have to worry about it. Also, the word for both mango and mangoes is aam in Hindi. The above sentence can be said to a group of males or females or mixed-gender without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
They ate cherries – उन्होंने / इन्होने चेरी खाईं unhone / inhone cherry khaeen – the object in the sentence is cherries.
In the above sentence, ने ne is added to the subject and then khaee is used as the object in the sentence is feminine and plural. The number of cherries eaten is not mentioned in the sentence, and so, you don’t have to worry about it. Also, the word for both cherry and cherries is cherry in Hindi. The above sentence can be said to a group of males or females or mixed-gender without any changes. i.e. the sentence does not change according to the gender and number of the subject.
Remember that the gender of the object matters only when the verb is transitive and the sentence is in the past tense.
In Hindi, some English words will have more than one equivalent words in Hindi. For example:
Letter – चिट्टी chittee – chittee is feminine in Hindi.
Letter – पत्र patr – patr is masculine in Hindi.
So both the sentences below are right,
You did not write a letter
तुमने एक पत्र नही लिखा – tumne ek patr naheen likhaa
You did not write a letter
तुमने एक चिट्टी नहीं लिखी – tumne ek chittee naheen likhee
Practice sentences:
We won the match
हमने मैच जीता humne maich jeetaa
I gave your pen to Ram
मैंने तुम्हारा पैन राम को दिया – maine tumhaara pen raam ko diya
Did you exercise?
क्या आपने व्यायाम किया? – kya aapne vyaam kiyaa?
Did you revise your lesson?
क्या आपने अपना पाठ दोहराया? – Kya aapne apna paat dohraayaa?
When did he drink milk?
उसने दूध कब पिया था? – Usne doodh kab piya?
If the object is not mentioned or if it is followed by को ko, then the verb will always be in masculine singular.
The following verbs, even though transitive, are exceptions. बोल – bol – tell, भूल – bhool – forget, ला – laa – bring, मिल – mil – meet, डर – dar – fear, लड़ – lad – fight, सक – sak – can, चुक – chuk – finish and लग – lag – begin. They will be formed according to the subject.
If there are more than one noun in the subject, ne is added to the last noun only.
सुपरमैन और बैटमैन ने खाया – superman aur batman ne khaya – Superman and Batman ate.
But if the subjects are pronouns, then ne is added to all the pronouns.
मैंने, तुमने और उसने खाया – maine, tumne aur usne khayaa – I, you, and he ate.